The author is a visiting Fellow at Stimson Center, Washington, DC. ISTANBUL The residual effects of Israel’s ruthless attacks against Iran in 2025 —and Tehran’s legitimate retaliation under Article 51 [1] of the UN Charter, which allows targeted states to respond in self-defense— include extensive damage to Iran's health infrastructure [2] and nuclear facilities [3], as well as economic losses amounting to $6 billion in Israel [4]. While the conflict has shaken global oil markets [5], one of