A peace settlement to end a major war can be an opportunity to reorder the world. After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in France, European leaders negotiated new territorial boundaries at the Congress of Vienna, in 1814–15, in an attempt to establish a stable balance of power on the continent. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, after the end of World War I, participants drew up plans for the League of Nations, an international body tasked with securing world peace. And in early 1945, as