ANKARA Türkiye’s research and development spending in 2015–2024 totaled a record $38.1 billion, led by efforts and projects in defense, aviation and space technologies, according to the country’s statistical office TÜİK . R&D spending in Türkiye rose from $540.9 million in 2015 to $2.4 billion in 2021, $4.7 billion in 2022, $8.9 billion in 2023 and $15.5 billion in 2024, the data showed. The rate of R&D spending to gross domestic product (GDP) surged from 0.9 percent in 2015 to 1.46 percent in