Quantum computers promise to outperform today's traditional computers in many areas of science, including chemistry, physics, and cryptography, but proving they will be superior has been challenging. The most well-known problem in which quantum computers are expected to have the edge, a trait physicists call "quantum advantage," involves factoring large numbers, a hard math problem that lies at the root of securing digital information. In 1994, Caltech alumnus Peter Shor (BS '81), then at Bell