Chungnam National University Dec 23 2024 The presence of human waste in sewage overflow or stormwater runoffs that ultimately find their way into rivers and lakes is a major public health hazard. As a result, it is imperative that water bodies and samples are continuously tested for the presence of human fecal contamination. Conventionally, testing for fecal contamination involves detecting fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), such as E. coli , by adding a drop of the sample water into a microbial