The first direct Iran-Israel war ended an era of shadow conflict and opened a far more uncertain chapter Exactly one year ago, on June 13, 2025, the world entered a new reality. A new chapter was opened in the history of the Middle East, in the history of Iran, and in the long-running confrontation between Iran and Israel. What had spent decades unfolding as a covert, hybrid, and indirect struggle suddenly took the form of a direct military confrontation. Until that moment, the conflict between