At a time of growing uncertainty about the future of the international order, middle powers seem to be having a moment. Along with countries such as Brazil, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, Turkey is trying to capitalize on a geopolitical landscape that is less shaped by the postwar U.S. alliance system and rules-based diplomacy and more by multiple centers of power and transactional relations. Especially since the global financial crisis in 2008, Turkey has pursued closer relationships beyond its