University of Leeds Mar 11 2025 A more affordable, lower-risk polio vaccine is on the horizon, research led by the University of Leeds has found.  Researchers have taken a major step towards producing a more affordable and lower-risk polio vaccine using virus-like particles (VLPs). These particles mimic the outer protein shell of poliovirus, but are empty inside. This means there is no risk of infection, but the VLP still causes the immune system to respond.  Now, a research project led by