In 1988, the military historian James Stokesbury observed that democracies are best at fighting either little wars, which are reserved for “professionals” and don’t involve ordinary citizens, or really big wars that mobilize all of society. Those democracies, he continued, have “very real problems trying to fight a middle-sized war, where some go and some stay home.” Middle-sized wars are big enough to cause immense destruction and bloodshed but small enough that they do not engage the full