If you looked at Ottoman maps as the empire disintegrated, you would never have guessed that anything was wrong. Territories that had been annexed or had obtained independence decades or even a century earlier were still shown in imperial pink. As the de facto borders of the empire shrunk, students continued to see the same de jure borders proudly displayed on their classroom walls. As historian Benjamin Fortna has detailed, in the early 20th century it was still common to see Ottoman maps that