The future of air defence systems is being shaped in Ukraine, which has become a testing ground for air defence capabilities under worst-case scenarios. The aerial threat environment on the Ukrainian battlefield is highly complex. Russia is conducting a multi-vector campaign that combines drone warfare with long-range missile strikes. It also deploys short-range ballistic missiles such as the 9K720 Iskander and the Kh-47M2 Kinzhal, which travel at very high speeds and are difficult to intercept.