Between 2020 and 2023, military coups in Mali , Burkina Faso  and Niger led to ruptures in foreign policy — and to Europe's gradual withdrawal . Instead, Russia, China and, under Donald Trump , the United States  also stepped up their presence and cooperation with the juntas. However, this has not made the area more stable or secure. On the contrary, the region is marked by jihadist violence and cross-border tensions , according to the study "European Sahel Policy: Back to Square One" by the

Tag-uri: Donald Trump