Today in history: On Dec. 2, 1982, in the first operation of its kind, doctors at the University of Utah Medical Center implanted a permanent artificial heart in the chest of retired dentist Dr. Barney Clark, who lived 112 days with the device. Also on this date: In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself emperor of France in a coronation ceremony at Notre Dame de Paris cathedral. In 1823, President James Monroe outlined his doctrine opposing European expansion in the Western Hemisphere. In 1859,