Where, when, and how might offensive cyber operations impact the outcomes of war? For over 40 years, this debate often spiraled to the extremes, whether offensive cyber operations are revolutionary or mostly hype, a warfighting game-changer or useful just for informational advantage. Analysts could talk past one another because it was not always clear which aspects of cyber operations or of warfare they were discussing. Lacking any larger framework, assessments could overlook key questions used