Related Tags Syria The crisis leading to President Bashar al-Assad’s ouster from Syria began as a popular uprising in 2011. It then became a bloody civil war enveloped in a proxy conflict involving a number of external players. Over the ensuing thirteen years, prominent outside interventions came from Gulf Arab states, Hizbollah, Iran, Iraqi armed groups, Israel, Russia, Türkiye and the United States. Yet, in the end, it was mainly Syrians themselves who overthrew the Assad regime, with the