Since the start of the invasion of Ukraine, Russia has made common cause with Iran. Russia has afforded Iran military support, diplomatic cover, and intelligence. Tehran, in turn, has provided Moscow with weapons of its own and promoted the Kremlin’s propaganda. In July 2022, for example, Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei described NATO as a “dangerous creature” and claimed that had Russia not taken the initiative, the West would have caused the war in Ukraine anyway. For observers of both