Peter Grindrod CBE , Professor in Oxford University’s Mathematical Institute and Co-Investigator of the Erlangen AI Hub, outlines why mathematics is pivotal for all artificial intelligence technologies, and how future leadership will depend on investing in numerical disciplines. Professor Peter Grindrod. Artificial intelligence (AI) has already transformed how we see the world, and how the world sees us. To date, however, most AI systems fall into a small number of familiar categories. Some are