Cores of lava breccia, cemented with white calcium carbonate minerals, recovered from IODP Site U1557. Credit: IODP JRSO Rock samples that formed about 60 million years ago and were collected from far beneath the ocean surface have helped scientists understand how large amounts of carbon dioxide can remain locked away for extremely long periods. These samples show that CO 2 becomes trapped within layers of lava rubble that build up across the seafloor. Researchers examined lava material drilled