Recently published Signal discussions in which senior Trump administration officials admit they “hate bailing out” America’s “pathetic” European allies have cast fresh doubt on the U.S. commitment to defending Europe. Even before these revelations, what Poland’s Prime Minister Donald Tusk described as “a profound change of [sic] American geopolitics” had already provoked reappraisals across Europe of the future of nuclear deterrence on the continent. In this new reality, Washington’s European