The American-Israeli war with Iran has primarily taken the form of an air campaign, a very different mode of war than ground operations—one with its own goals, strengths, and limitations. After the previous independent air campaign of this kind, in the 1991 Gulf War, I led the U.S. Air Force’s assessment of the effort, the Gulf War Air Power Survey. The present campaign differs in important respects, but the same kind of questions posed then can help make sense of what we’re seeing now.