India has begun counting its population in the world’s largest census, which will include caste enumeration for the first time in nearly a century. It is a process whose results could significantly reshape political representation across the country. The previous census in 2011 recorded a population of 1.21 billion, a figure now believed to have grown to more than 1.4 billion. The new census, originally scheduled for 2021, was postponed due to the COVID‑19 pandemic and logistical challenges.

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