Nazarbayev University Feb 9 2026 Tear fluid is emerging as an attractive source of diagnostic information because it can be collected easily and non-invasively. Changes in tear composition often reflect underlying physiological conditions, making tears a valuable medium for monitoring eye diseases. The newly developed biosensor targets two proteins associated with diabetic retinopathy: Lipocalin-1 (LCN1) — linked to inflammation and changes in tear composition Vascular endothelial growth factor