Valeriy Chaly on the Budapest Memorandum. Ukraine had been trying to activate the guarantees of the Budapest Memorandum since as early as 2009 — there were official letters, responses from the U.S., the U.K., Russia, as well as the involvement of China and France. All parties, except Russia, confirmed the guarantees against a nuclear strike — guarantees that Russia later betrayed. In 2014, an attempt was made to resume consultations in Geneva, but the guarantor states did not agree to continue