For decades, most Americans of an intellectual bent visiting or staying in Turkey would be regaled by the same set of opinions. Turks who spoke English were educated in the predictable way; their views often represented the anti-American, antimilitary, anticapitalist slice of the generally secular middle classes—views not uncommon in Europe and elsewhere during the Cold War. Then came Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, first as Istanbul mayor in the 1990s, and as prime minister in the 2000s, a distinctly