Electric vehicle (EV) battery costs have declined by over 90% in the past decade. This study investigates the role of learning-by-doing (LBD) in driving this reduction and its interaction with two major government policies -- consumer subsidies and local content requirements. Leveraging rich data on EV models and battery suppliers, we develop and estimate a structural model of the global EV industry that incorporates heterogeneous consumer choices, EV manufacturers’ pricing strategies, and