National Research Council of Science & Technology Jan 21 2025 Bladder cancer has a cure rate of over 90% when detected early, but it has a high recurrence rate of 70%, necessitating continuous monitoring. Late detection often requires major surgeries such as bladder removal followed by artificial bladder implantation or the use of a urine pouch, significantly lowering the patient's quality of life. However, existing urine test kits have low sensitivity, and cystoscopy, which involves inserting