Every two decades or so, a new technology upends national security. In the 1940s and 1950s, the atomic and hydrogen bombs established nuclear deterrence. In the 1970s and 1980s, microelectronics led to the creation of stealth and precision weapons and early digital networks. In the 1990s, the Internet and the deployment of the Global Positioning System (GPS) remade communications. Now, of course, artificial intelligence is powering autonomous weapons and supercharging cyber-capabilities, but