Xia & He Publishing Inc. Nov 14 2025 Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has emerged as a predominant chronic liver condition globally, intricately linked with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome. Its pathogenesis is complex, following a "multiple-hit" hypothesis that involves triglyceride accumulation, insulin resistance (IR), lipotoxicity, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Among the various adipokines implicated, leptin, a hormone central