The work of Nobel winners on immune cells is now helping researchers fine-tune cancer treatments, showing how basic science can lead to profound changes, says this biomedical sciences professor. LONDON: The 2025 Nobel prize in physiology or medicine celebrates a discovery that answers one of medicine’s most profound questions: How does the immune system know when to attack, and when to stand down? Most of the time, our defences target dangerous infections and even cancers while leaving the body’